Java 中可以转换引用变量吗?
Java 提供了各种数据类型来存储各种数据值。它提供了 7 种基本数据类型(存储单个值),即 boolean、byte、char、short、int、long、float、double 以及引用数据类型(数组和对象)。
Java 中的类型转换
将一种基本数据类型转换为另一种称为类型转换。
示例
import java.util.Scanner; public class TypeCastingExample { public static void main(String args[]){ Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter an integer value: "); int i = sc.nextInt(); long num = i; System.out.println("Value of the given integer: "+num); } }
输出
Enter an integer value: 421
引用数据类型中的类型转换
是的,您可以将一个(类)类型的引用(对象)转换为另一个类型。但是,这两个类之一必须继承另一个类。
例如,假设我们有一个名为 Person 的类,它有两个实例变量 name 和 age,以及一个实例方法 displayPerson(),该方法显示 name 和 age。
public class Person{ private String name; private int age; public Person(String name, int age){ this.name = name; this.age = age; } public void displayPerson() { System.out.println("Data of the Person class: "); System.out.println("Name: "+this.name); System.out.println("Age: "+this.age); } }
另一个名为 Student 的类扩展了 Person 类,除了继承的 name 和 age 之外,它还有两个变量 branch 和 student_id。它有一个方法 displayData(),该方法显示所有四个值。
public class Student extends Person { public String branch; public int Student_id; public Student(String name, int age, String branch, int Student_id){ super(name, age); this.branch = branch; this.Student_id = Student_id; } public void displayStudent() { System.out.println("Data of the Student class: "); System.out.println("Name: "+this.name); System.out.println("Age: "+this.age); System.out.println("Branch: "+this.branch); System.out.println("Student ID: "+this.Student_id); } public static void main(String[] args) { .............. } }
将子类变量转换为超类类型
现在,在 main 方法中,您可以分别创建这两个类的对象,并将超类对象直接转换为子类。
public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating an object of the Student class Student student = new Student("Krishna", 20, "IT", 1256); //Converting the object of Student to Person Person person = new Person("Krishna", 20); //Converting the object of student to person person = (Student) student; person.displayPerson(); }
输出
Data of the Person class: Name: Krishna Age: 20
简而言之,超类引用变量可以持有子类对象。但是,使用此引用,您只能访问超类成员,如果您尝试访问子类成员,则会生成编译时错误。
示例
public static void main(String[] args) { Person person = new Student("Krishna", 20, "IT", 1256); person.displayStudent(); }
输出
Student.java:33: error: cannot find symbol person.dispalyStudent(); ^ symbol: method dispalyStudent() location: variable person of type Person 1 error
将超类变量转换为子类
同样,您可以尝试将超类变量转换为子类,为此,与前面的情况不同,您需要使用强制转换运算符。
示例
public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating an object of the Student class Student student = new Student("Krishna", 20, "IT", 1256); //Converting the object of Student to Person Person person = new Person("Krishna", 20); //Converting the object of person to student student = (Student) person; student.displayPerson(); student.displayStudent(); }
对于此引用,两个类的成员都可用,并且程序成功编译。
但是,当您尝试执行它时,会引发如下所示的异常:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException: ther.Person cannot be cast to ther.Student at ther.Student.main(Student.java:41)
要解决此问题,首先需要使用子类对象创建超类引用,然后使用强制转换运算符将此(超)引用类型转换为子类类型。
示例
public static void main(String[] args) { //Converting the object of Student to Person Person person = new Student("Krishna", 20, "IT", 1256); //Converting the object of person to student Student student = (Student) person; student.displayPerson(); student.displayStudent(); }
输出
Data of the Person class: Name: Krishna Age: 20 Data of the Student class: Name: Krishna Age: 20 Branch: IT Student ID: 1256
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