- Hibernate 教程
- Hibernate - 首页
- ORM - 概述
- Hibernate - 概述
- Hibernate - 架构
- Hibernate - 环境
- Hibernate - 配置
- Hibernate - 会话
- Hibernate - 持久化类
- Hibernate - 映射文件
- Hibernate - 映射类型
- Hibernate - 示例
- Hibernate - O/R 映射
- Hibernate - 级联类型
- Hibernate - 注解
- Hibernate - 查询语言
- Hibernate - Criteria 查询
- Hibernate - 原生 SQL
- Hibernate - 缓存
- Hibernate - 实体生命周期
- Hibernate - 批处理
- Hibernate - 拦截器
- Hibernate - ID 生成器
- Hibernate - 保存图片
- Hibernate - log4j 集成
- Hibernate - Spring 集成
- Hibernate - Struts 2 集成
- Hibernate - Web 应用程序
- 映射表示例
- Hibernate - 表继承策略(每个层次结构一张表)
- Hibernate - 表继承策略(每个具体类一张表)
- Hibernate - 表继承策略(每个子类一张表)
- Hibernate 有用资源
- Hibernate - 问题和解答
- Hibernate - 快速指南
- Hibernate - 有用资源
- Hibernate - 讨论
Hibernate - 一对多映射
一对多映射可以使用Set Java 集合来实现,该集合不包含任何重复元素。我们已经了解了如何在 Hibernate 中映射Set集合,所以如果您已经学习了Set映射,那么您就可以开始进行一对多映射了。
Set 在映射表中使用 <set> 元素进行映射,并使用 java.util.HashSet 进行初始化。当集合中不需要重复元素时,您可以在类中使用 Set 集合。
定义 RDBMS 表
考虑我们需要将员工记录存储在 EMPLOYEE 表中,该表将具有以下结构:
create table EMPLOYEE ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL, last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL, salary INT default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
此外,假设每个员工可以拥有一个或多个与之相关的证书。因此,我们将证书相关信息存储在具有以下结构的单独表中:
create table CERTIFICATE ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, certificate_name VARCHAR(30) default NULL, employee_id INT default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
EMPLOYEE 和 CERTIFICATE 对象之间将存在一对多关系:
定义 POJO 类
让我们实现我们的 POJO 类Employee,它将用于持久化与 EMPLOYEE 表相关的对象,并在Set变量中包含证书的集合。
import java.util.*; public class Employee { private int id; private String firstName; private String lastName; private int salary; private Set certificates; public Employee() {} public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) { this.firstName = fname; this.lastName = lname; this.salary = salary; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName( String first_name ) { this.firstName = first_name; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName( String last_name ) { this.lastName = last_name; } public int getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary( int salary ) { this.salary = salary; } public Set getCertificates() { return certificates; } public void setCertificates( Set certificates ) { this.certificates = certificates; } }
现在,让我们定义另一个与 CERTIFICATE 表对应的 POJO 类,以便可以将证书对象存储和检索到 CERTIFICATE 表中。此类还应实现 equals() 和 hashCode() 方法,以便 Java 可以确定任何两个元素/对象是否相同。
public class Certificate { private int id; private String name; public Certificate() {} public Certificate(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName( String name ) { this.name = name; } public boolean equals(Object obj) { if (obj == null) return false; if (!this.getClass().equals(obj.getClass())) return false; Certificate obj2 = (Certificate)obj; if((this.id == obj2.getId()) && (this.name.equals(obj2.getName()))) { return true; } return false; } public int hashCode() { int tmp = 0; tmp = ( id + name ).hashCode(); return tmp; } }
定义 Hibernate 映射文件
让我们开发我们的映射文件,该文件指示 Hibernate 如何将定义的类映射到数据库表。
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping> <class name = "Employee" table = "EMPLOYEE"> <meta attribute = "class-description"> This class contains the employee detail. </meta> <id name = "id" type = "int" column = "id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <set name = "certificates" cascade="all"> <key column = "employee_id"/> <one-to-many class="Certificate"/> </set> <property name = "firstName" column = "first_name" type = "string"/> <property name = "lastName" column = "last_name" type = "string"/> <property name = "salary" column = "salary" type = "int"/> </class> <class name = "Certificate" table = "CERTIFICATE"> <meta attribute = "class-description"> This class contains the certificate records. </meta> <id name = "id" type = "int" column = "id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name = "name" column = "certificate_name" type = "string"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
您应该将映射文档保存在格式为 <classname>.hbm.xml 的文件中。我们将映射文档保存在 Employee.hbm.xml 文件中。您已经熟悉大多数映射细节,但让我们再次查看映射文件的所有元素:
映射文档是一个 XML 文档,其中<hibernate-mapping>作为根元素,包含两个与每个类对应的 <class> 元素。
<class>元素用于定义从 Java 类到数据库表的特定映射。Java 类名使用 class 元素的name属性指定,数据库表名使用table属性指定。
<meta>元素是可选元素,可用于创建类描述。
<id>元素将类中唯一的 ID 属性映射到数据库表的主键。id 元素的name属性引用类中的属性,column属性引用数据库表中的列。type属性保存 Hibernate 映射类型,这些映射类型将从 Java 转换为 SQL 数据类型。
<generator>元素位于 id 元素内,用于自动生成主键值。generator 元素的class属性设置为 native,让 Hibernate 根据底层数据库的功能选择identity、sequence或hilo算法来创建主键。
<property>元素用于将 Java 类属性映射到数据库表中的列。元素的name属性引用类中的属性,column属性引用数据库表中的列。type属性保存 Hibernate 映射类型,这些映射类型将从 Java 转换为 SQL 数据类型。
<set>元素设置 Certificate 和 Employee 类之间的关系。我们在 <set> 元素中使用了cascade属性来告诉 Hibernate 在同时持久化 Employee 对象时也持久化 Certificate 对象。name属性设置为父类中定义的Set变量,在本例中为certificates。对于每个 set 变量,都需要在映射文件中定义一个单独的 set 元素。
<key>元素是 CERTIFICATE 表中保存对父对象(即 EMPLOYEE 表)的外键的列。
<one-to-many>元素表示一个 Employee 对象与多个 Certificate 对象相关联。
创建应用程序类
最后,我们将创建我们的应用程序类,其中包含 main() 方法来运行应用程序。我们将使用此应用程序保存一些员工记录及其证书,然后我们将对这些记录应用 CRUD 操作。
import java.util.*; import org.hibernate.HibernateException; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.Transaction; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; public class ManageEmployee { private static SessionFactory factory; public static void main(String[] args) { try { factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory(); } catch (Throwable ex) { System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex); throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex); } ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee(); /* Let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */ HashSet set1 = new HashSet(); set1.add(new Certificate("MCA")); set1.add(new Certificate("MBA")); set1.add(new Certificate("PMP")); /* Add employee records in the database */ Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, set1); /* Another set of certificates for the second employee */ HashSet set2 = new HashSet(); set2.add(new Certificate("BCA")); set2.add(new Certificate("BA")); /* Add another employee record in the database */ Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, set2); /* List down all the employees */ ME.listEmployees(); /* Update employee's salary records */ ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000); /* Delete an employee from the database */ ME.deleteEmployee(empID2); /* List down all the employees */ ME.listEmployees(); } /* Method to add an employee record in the database */ public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, int salary, Set cert){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; Integer employeeID = null; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary); employee.setCertificates(cert); employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); } catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { session.close(); } return employeeID; } /* Method to list all the employees detail */ public void listEmployees( ){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list(); for (Iterator iterator1 = employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasNext();){ Employee employee = (Employee) iterator1.next(); System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName()); System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName()); System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary()); Set certificates = employee.getCertificates(); for (Iterator iterator2 = certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasNext();){ Certificate certName = (Certificate) iterator2.next(); System.out.println("Certificate: " + certName.getName()); } } tx.commit(); } catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { session.close(); } } /* Method to update salary for an employee */ public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); employee.setSalary( salary ); session.update(employee); tx.commit(); } catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { session.close(); } } /* Method to delete an employee from the records */ public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); session.delete(employee); tx.commit(); } catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); } finally { session.close(); } } }
编译和执行
以下是编译和运行上述应用程序的步骤。在继续进行编译和执行之前,请确保已正确设置 PATH 和 CLASSPATH。
创建 hibernate.cfg.xml 配置文件,如配置章节中所述。
创建 Employee.hbm.xml 映射文件,如上所示。
创建 Employee.java 源文件,如上所示,并编译它。
创建 Certificate.java 源文件,如上所示,并编译它。
创建 ManageEmployee.java 源文件,如上所示,并编译它。
执行 ManageEmployee 二进制文件以运行程序。
您将在屏幕上看到以下结果,同时在 EMPLOYEE 和 CERTIFICATE 表中创建记录。
$java ManageEmployee .......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........ First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 4000 Certificate: MBA Certificate: PMP Certificate: MCA First Name: Dilip Last Name: Kumar Salary: 3000 Certificate: BCA Certificate: BA First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 5000 Certificate: MBA Certificate: PMP Certificate: MCA
如果您检查您的 EMPLOYEE 和 CERTIFICATE 表,它们应该具有以下记录:
mysql> select * from employee; +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 1 | Manoj | Kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from certificate; +----+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+------------------+-------------+ | 1 | MBA | 1 | | 2 | PMP | 1 | | 3 | MCA | 1 | +----+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>