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法律研究如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装和使用 Docker
Docker 是一个开源项目，它自动化了应用程序在软件容器中的部署。容器允许开发人员打包所有项目资源，例如库、依赖项、资产等。Docker 使用 **Go 编程** 语言编写，并由 **Dotcloud** 开发。它基本上是一个容器引擎，它使用 Linux 内核功能（如命名空间和控制组）在操作系统之上创建容器，并自动化容器上的应用程序部署。
安装 Docker
在安装 Docker 之前，需要更新软件包。要更新软件包，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo apt-get update
使用以下命令将官方 Docker 存储库的 GPG 密钥添加到系统中：
$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118E89F3A912897C070ADBF76221572C52609D
示例输出应如下所示：
Executing: /tmp/tmp.akuLSrhQz8/gpg.1.sh --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118E89F3A912897C070ADBF76221572C52609D gpg: requesting key 2C52609D from hkp server p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net gpg: key 2C52609D: public key "Docker Release Tool (releasedocker) <[email protected]>" imported gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
要将 Docker 存储库添加到 APT 源，请使用以下命令：
$ echo "deb https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-xenial main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
要使用新添加的存储库中的 Docker 软件包更新软件包数据库，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo apt-get update
确保您即将从 Docker 存储库而不是默认的 Ubuntu 存储库进行安装。要验证它，请使用以下命令：
$ apt-cache policy docker-engine
示例输出应如下所示：
docker-engine: Installed: (none) Candidate: 1.11.1-0~xenial Version table: 1.11.1-0~xenial 500 500 https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-xenial/main amd64 Packages 1.11.0-0~xenial 500 500 https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-xenial/main amd64 Packages
请注意，docker-engine 未安装，要安装 Docker-engine，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo apt-get install -y docker-engine
示例输出应如下所示：
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: apport-hooks-elementary contractor libgda-5.0-4 libgda-5.0-common libgranite-common libgranite3 libgsignon-glib1 libindicate5 libnoise-core0 libtagc0 mysql-server-5.7 mysql-server-core-5.7 Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them. The following additional packages will be installed: aufs-tools cgroupfs-mount The following NEW packages will be installed: aufs-tools cgroupfs-mount docker-engine 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 212 not upgraded. Need to get 14.6 MB of archives. After this operation, 73.7 MB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 aufs-tools amd64 1:3.2+20130722-1.1ubuntu1 [92.9 kB] ..............................................................................................
要检查 Docker 是否已启动，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo systemctl status docker
示例输出应如下所示：
docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: e Active: active (running) since Mon 2016-05-23 10:36:08 IST; 5min ago Docs: https://docs.docker.net.cn Main PID: 14186 (docker) Tasks: 20 (limit: 512) Memory: 21.5M CPU: 385ms CGroup: /system.slice/docker.service ├─14186 /usr/bin/docker daemon -H fd:// └─14204 docker-containerd -l /var/run/docker/libcontainerd/docker-con May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.169666150+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.261017824+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.469630404+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.829495384+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.830931516+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.831009718+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.831055091+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.831113464+05:30" May 23 10:36:08 linux systemd[1]: Started Docker Application Container Engine. May 23 10:36:08 linux docker[14186]: time="2016-05-23T10:36:08.855330148+05:30
要启动 Docker 服务，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo service docker start
要查看 Docker 的所有可用子命令，请使用以下命令：
$ docker
示例输出应如下所示：
Usage: docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND [arg...] docker daemon [ --help | ... ] docker [ --help | -v | --version ] A self-sufficient runtime for containers. Options: --config=~/.docker Location of client config files -D, --debug Enable debug mode -H, --host=[] Daemon socket(s) to connect to -h, --help Print usage -l, --log-level=info Set the logging level --tls Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify --tlscacert=~/.docker/ca.pem Trust certs signed only by this CA --tlscert=~/.docker/cert.pem Path to TLS certificate file --tlskey=~/.docker/key.pem Path to TLS key file --tlsverify Use TLS and verify the remote -v, --version Print version information and quit Commands: attach Attach to a running container build Build an image from a Dockerfile commit Create a new image from a container's changes cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem create Create a new container diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem events Get real time events from the server exec Run a command in a running container export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive history Show the history of an image images List images import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image info Display system-wide information inspect Return low-level information on a container or image kill Kill a running container load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN login Log in to a Docker registry logout Log out from a Docker registry logs Fetch the logs of a container network Manage Docker networks pause Pause all processes within a container port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the CONTAINER ps List containers pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry push Push an image or a repository to a registry rename Rename a container restart Restart a container rm Remove one or more containers rmi Remove one or more images run Run a command in a new container save Save one or more images to a tar archive search Search the Docker Hub for images start Start one or more stopped containers stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics stop Stop a running container tag Tag an image into a repository top Display the running processes of a container unpause Unpause all processes within a container update Update configuration of one or more containers version Show the Docker version information volume Manage Docker volumes wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code
您可以使用带 search 子命令的 docker 命令搜索 Docker Hub 上可用的镜像。
$ sudo docker search ubuntu
示例输出应如下所示：
NAME AUTOMATED DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL ubuntu Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating s... 3953 [OK] ubuntu-upstart Upstart is an event-based replacement for ... 62 [OK] rastasheep/ubuntu-sshd [OK] Dockerized SSH service, built on top of of... 26 torusware/speedus-ubuntu [OK] Always updated official Ubuntu docker imag... 26 ubuntu-debootstrap [OK] debootstrap --variant=minbase --components... 24 [OK] nickistre/ubuntu-lamp [OK] LAMP server on Ubuntu 6 [OK] nickistre/ubuntu-lamp-wordpress [OK] LAMP on Ubuntu with wp-cli installed 5 [OK] nuagebec/ubuntu [OK] Simple always updated Ubuntu docker images... 4 nimmis/ubuntu [OK] This is a docker images different LTS vers... 4 maxexcloo/ubuntu [OK] Docker base image built on Ubuntu with Sup... 2 partlab/ubuntu [OK] Simple Ubuntu docker images. 1 darksheer/ubuntu [OK] Base Ubuntu Image -- Updated hourly 1 admiringworm/ubuntu [OK] Base ubuntu images based on the official u... 1 jordi/ubuntu [OK] UbuntuBase Image 1 webhippie/ubuntu [OK] Docker images for ubuntu 0 teamrock/ubuntu TeamRock's [OK] Ubuntu image configured with AW... 0 esycat/ubuntu [OK] Ubuntu LTS 0 life360/ubuntu [OK] Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating s... 0 widerplan/ubuntu [OK] Our basic Ubuntu images. 0 konstruktoid/ubuntu [OK] Ubuntu base image 0 lynxtp/ubuntu [OK] https://github.com/lynxtp/docker-ubuntu 0 datenbetrieb/ubuntu [OK] custom flavor of the official ubuntu base ... 0 ustclug/ubuntu [OK] ubuntu image for docker with USTC mirror 0 uvatbc/ubuntu [OK] Ubuntu images with unprivileged user 0 rallias/ubuntu [OK] Ubuntu with the needful 0
要查看已下载到计算机的镜像，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo docker images
示例输出应如下所示：
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE hello-world latest 94df4f0ce8a4 3 weeks ago 967 B
要运行 Docker 容器，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo docker run -it hello-world
以上命令运行 hello-word 容器。示例输出应如下所示：
Hello from Docker. This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly. To generate this message, Docker took the following steps: 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon. 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub. 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the executable that produces the output you are currently reading. 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it to your terminal. To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with: $ docker run -it ubuntu bash Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker Hub account: https://hub.docker.com For more examples and ideas, visit: https://docs.docker.net.cn/engine/userguide/
要列出 Docker 容器，请使用以下命令：
$ sudo docker ps
示例输出应如下所示：
CONTAINER ID PORTS IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS NAMES f7c79cc556dd ubuntu "/bin/bash" 3 hours ago Up 3 hours silly_spence
通过本文，您将能够理解如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装和使用 Docker，我们将推出更多基于 Linux 的技巧和提示。请继续关注！
更新于: 2020年1月20日
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