Puppet - 资源

资源是 Puppet 的关键基础单元之一，用于设计和构建任何特定的基础设施或机器。它们主要用于建模和维护系统配置。Puppet 有多种类型的资源，可用于定义系统架构，用户也可以利用它们来构建和定义新的资源。

清单文件或任何其他文件中的 Puppet 代码块称为资源声明。代码块是用声明式建模语言 (DML) 编写的。下面是一个示例。

user { 'vipin': 
   ensure => present, 
   uid    => '552', 
   shell  => '/bin/bash', 
   home   => '/home/vipin', 
}

在 Puppet 中，任何特定资源类型的资源声明都在代码块中完成。在下面的示例中，用户主要由四个预定义的参数组成。

资源类型 - 在上面的代码片段中，它是用户。
资源参数 - 在上面的代码片段中，它是 Vipin。
属性 - 在上面的代码片段中，它是 ensure、uid、shell、home。
值 - 这些是与每个属性对应的值。

每种资源类型都有自己定义定义和参数的方式，用户有权选择他希望资源的样子。

资源类型

Puppet 中有不同类型的资源，它们具有自己的功能方式。可以使用“describe”命令和“-list”选项查看这些资源类型。

[root@puppetmaster ~]# puppet describe --list 
These are the types known to puppet: 
augeas          - Apply a change or an array of changes to the  ... 
computer        - Computer object management using DirectorySer ... 
cron            - Installs and manages cron jobs 
exec            - Executes external commands 
file            - Manages files, including their content, owner ... 
filebucket      - A repository for storing and retrieving file  ... 
group           - Manage groups 
host            - Installs and manages host entries 
interface       - This represents a router or switch interface 
k5login         - Manage the ‘.k5login’ file for a user 
macauthorization - Manage the Mac OS X authorization database 
mailalias       - .. no documentation .. 
maillist        - Manage email lists 
mcx             - MCX object management using DirectoryService  ... 
mount           - Manages mounted filesystems, including puttin ... 
nagios_command  - The Nagios type command 
nagios_contact  - The Nagios type contact 
nagios_contactgroup - The Nagios type contactgroup 
nagios_host     - The Nagios type host 
nagios_hostdependency - The Nagios type hostdependency 
nagios_hostescalation - The Nagios type hostescalation 
nagios_hostextinfo - The Nagios type hostextinfo 
nagios_hostgroup - The Nagios type hostgroup 

nagios_service  - The Nagios type service 
nagios_servicedependency - The Nagios type servicedependency 
nagios_serviceescalation - The Nagios type serviceescalation 
nagios_serviceextinfo - The Nagios type serviceextinfo  
nagios_servicegroup - The Nagios type servicegroup 
nagios_timeperiod - The Nagios type timeperiod 
notify          - .. no documentation .. 
package         - Manage packages 
resources       - This is a metatype that can manage other reso ... 
router          - .. no documentation .. 
schedule        - Define schedules for Puppet 
scheduled_task  - Installs and manages Windows Scheduled Tasks 
selboolean      - Manages SELinux booleans on systems with SELi ... 
service         - Manage running services 
ssh_authorized_key - Manages SSH authorized keys 
sshkey          - Installs and manages ssh host keys 
stage           - A resource type for creating new run stages 
tidy            - Remove unwanted files based on specific crite ... 
user            - Manage users 
vlan            - .. no documentation .. 
whit            - Whits are internal artifacts of Puppet's curr ... 
yumrepo         - The client-side description of a yum reposito ... 
zfs             - Manage zfs 
zone            - Manages Solaris zones 
zpool           - Manage zpools

资源标题

在上面的代码片段中，我们的资源标题是 vipin，它对于代码同一文件中使用的每个资源都是唯一的。这是此用户资源类型的唯一标题。我们不能拥有相同名称的资源，因为这会导致冲突。

可以使用资源命令查看使用类型 user 的所有资源的列表。

[root@puppetmaster ~]# puppet resource user 
user { 'abrt': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   gid              => '173', 
   home             => '/etc/abrt', 
   password         => '!!', 
   password_max_age => '-1', 
   password_min_age => '-1', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '173', 
} 

user { 'admin': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   comment          => 'admin', 
   gid              => '444', 
   groups           => ['sys', 'admin'], 
   home             => '/var/admin', 
   password         => '*', 
   password_max_age => '99999', 
   password_min_age => '0', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '55', 
} 

user { 'tomcat': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   comment          => 'tomcat', 
   gid              => '100', 
   home             => '/var/www', 
   password         => '!!', 
   password_max_age => '-1', 
   password_min_age => '-1', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '100', 
}

列出特定用户的资源

[root@puppetmaster ~]# puppet resource user tomcat 
user { 'apache': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   comment          => 'tomcat', 
   gid              => '100', 
   home             => '/var/www', 
   password         => '!!', 
   password_max_age => '-1', 
   password_min_age => '-1', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '100’, 
}

属性和值

任何资源的主体都是由属性-值对的集合组成的。在这里，可以为给定资源的属性指定值。每种资源类型都有自己的一组可以使用键值对配置的属性。

describe 子命令可用于获取有关特定资源属性的更多详细信息。在下面的示例中，我们有关于用户资源及其所有可配置属性的详细信息。

[root@puppetmaster ~]# puppet describe user 
user 
==== 
Manage users.  This type is mostly built to manage system users, 
so it is lacking some features useful for managing normal users. 

This resource type uses the prescribed native tools for creating groups 
and generally uses POSIX APIs for retrieving information about them.
It does not directly modify ‘/etc/passwd’ or anything. 

**Autorequires:** If Puppet is managing the user's primary group 
(as provided in the ‘gid’ attribute), 
the user resource will autorequire that group. 
If Puppet is managing any role accounts corresponding to the user's roles, 
the user resource will autorequire those role accounts.  

Parameters 
---------- 
- **allowdupe** 
   Whether to allow duplicate UIDs. Defaults to ‘false’. 
   Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘yes’, ‘no’.  

- **attribute_membership** 
   Whether specified attribute value pairs should be treated as the 
   **complete list** (‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of 
   attribute/value pairs for the user. Defaults to ‘minimum’. 
   Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.  

- **auths** 
   The auths the user has.  Multiple auths should be 
   specified as an array. 
   Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.  

- **comment** 
   A description of the user.  Generally the user's full name.  

- **ensure** 
   The basic state that the object should be in. 
   Valid values are ‘present’, ‘absent’, ‘role’.  

- **expiry**
   The expiry date for this user. Must be provided in 
   a zero-padded YYYY-MM-DD format --- e.g. 2010-02-19. 
   If you want to make sure the user account does never 
   expire, you can pass the special value ‘absent’. 
   Valid values are ‘absent’. Values can match ‘/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/’. 
   Requires features manages_expiry.  

- **forcelocal** 
   Forces the mangement of local accounts when accounts are also 
   being managed by some other NSS  

- **gid** 
   The user's primary group. Can be specified numerically or by name. 
   This attribute is not supported on Windows systems; use the ‘groups’ 
   attribute instead. (On Windows, designating a primary group is only 
   meaningful for domain accounts, which Puppet does not currently manage.)  

- **groups** 
   The groups to which the user belongs. The primary group should 
   not be listed, and groups should be identified by name rather than by 
   GID.  Multiple groups should be specified as an array.  

- **home** 
   The home directory of the user.  The directory must be created 
   separately and is not currently checked for existence.  

- **ia_load_module** 
   The name of the I&A module to use to manage this user. 
   Requires features manages_aix_lam.  

- **iterations** 
   This is the number of iterations of a chained computation of the 
   password hash (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2).  This parameter 
   is used in OS X. This field is required for managing passwords on OS X 
   >= 10.8. 
   Requires features manages_password_salt. 

- **key_membership**  

- **managehome** 
   Whether to manage the home directory when managing the user. 
   This will create the home directory when ‘ensure => present’, and 
   delete the home directory when ‘ensure => absent’. Defaults to ‘false’. 
   Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘yes’, ‘no’.  

- **membership** 
   Whether specified groups should be considered the **complete list** 
   (‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of groups to which 
   the user belongs. Defaults to ‘minimum’. 
   Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.  

- **name** 
   The user name. While naming limitations vary by operating system, 
   it is advisable to restrict names to the lowest common denominator, 
   which is a maximum of 8 characters beginning with a letter. 
   Note that Puppet considers user names to be case-sensitive, regardless 
   of the platform's own rules; be sure to always use the same case when 
   referring to a given user.  

- **password** 
   The user's password, in whatever encrypted format the local 
   system requires. 
   * Most modern Unix-like systems use salted SHA1 password hashes. You can use 
      Puppet's built-in ‘sha1’ function to generate a hash from a password. 
   * Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6 also use salted SHA1 hashes.  

Windows API 
   for setting the password hash. 
   [stdlib]: https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-stdlib/ 
   Be sure to enclose any value that includes a dollar sign ($) in single 
   quotes (') to avoid accidental variable interpolation. 
   Requires features manages_passwords.  

- **password_max_age** 
   The maximum number of days a password may be used before it must be changed. 
   Requires features manages_password_age.  

- **password_min_age** 
   The minimum number of days a password must be used before it may be changed. 
   Requires features manages_password_age.  

- **profile_membership** 
   Whether specified roles should be treated as the **complete list** 
   (‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of roles 
   of which the user is a member. Defaults to ‘minimum’. 
   Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.  

- **profiles** 
   The profiles the user has.  Multiple profiles should be 
   specified as an array. 
   Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.  

- **project** 
   The name of the project associated with a user. 
   Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.  

- **uid** 
   The user ID; must be specified numerically. If no user ID is 
   specified when creating a new user, then one will be chosen 
   automatically. This will likely result in the same user having 
   different UIDs on different systems, which is not recommended. This is 
   especially noteworthy when managing the same user on both Darwin and 
   other platforms, since Puppet does UID generation on Darwin, but 
   the underlying tools do so on other platforms. 
   On Windows, this property is read-only and will return the user's 
   security identifier (SID).

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