如何使用 JavaScript 绘制通过多个点的平滑曲线?
在本文中,我们将学习如何使用 JavaScript 绘制通过多个点的平滑曲线,借助于 canvas 浏览器 API 和 HTML 元素。
在网页上可视化数据或创建交互式图形时,绘制通过多个点的平滑曲线可以极大地增强信息的审美和可读性。让我们通过一些示例来了解如何实现这一点。
示例 1
在本示例中,我们将利用贝塞尔曲线的概念,贝塞尔曲线由一组控制点定义,以绘制一条通过这些点的平滑曲线。我们将使用 canvas HTML 元素及其上下文 API 预定义我们将绘制平滑曲线的点。
文件名:index.html
<html lang="en"> <head> <title> How to Draw Smooth Curve Through Multiple Points using JavaScript? </title> <style> canvas { border: 1px solid #000; } </style> </head> <body> <canvas id="myCanvas" width="500" height="300"></canvas> <script> const canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas"); const context = canvas.getContext("2d"); const points = [ { x: 50, y: 100 }, { x: 150, y: 200 }, { x: 250, y: 50 }, { x: 350, y: 150 }, { x: 450, y: 100 }, ]; function drawSmoothCurve(points) { context.beginPath(); context.moveTo(points[0].x, points[0].y); for (let i = 1; i < points.length - 1; i++) { const xc = (points[i].x + points[i + 1].x) / 2; const yc = (points[i].y + points[i + 1].y) / 2; context.quadraticCurveTo(points[i].x, points[i].y, xc, yc); } // Connect the last two points with a straight line context.lineTo(points[points.length - 1].x, points[points.length - 1].y); context.stroke(); } drawSmoothCurve(points); </script> </body> </html>
示例 2
在本示例中,我们将遵循上述代码结构,并使用贝塞尔曲线和 Catmull-Rom 样条曲线方法绘制通过多个点的平滑曲线。
文件名:index.html
<html lang="en"> <head> <title>How to Draw Smooth Curve Through Multiple Points using JavaScript?</title> <style> canvas { border: 1px solid #000; } </style> </head> <body> <canvas id="myCanvas" width="500" height="300"></canvas> <script> const canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas"); const context = canvas.getContext("2d"); const points = [ { x: 50, y: 100 }, { x: 150, y: 200 }, { x: 250, y: 50 }, { x: 350, y: 150 }, { x: 450, y: 100 }, ]; function drawSmoothCurve(points) { context.beginPath(); context.moveTo(points[0].x, points[0].y); // Example 1: Bézier Curves // context.quadraticCurveTo(cp1x, cp1y, x, y); // context.bezierCurveTo(cp1x, cp1y, cp2x, cp2y, x, y); for (let i = 1; i < points.length - 1; i++) { const xc = (points[i].x + points[i + 1].x) / 2; const yc = (points[i].y + points[i + 1].y) / 2; context.quadraticCurveTo(points[i].x, points[i].y, xc, yc); } // Connect the last two points with a straight line context.lineTo(points[points.length - 1].x, points[points.length - 1].y); context.stroke(); } drawSmoothCurve(points); // Example 2: Catmull-Rom Splines function catmullRomSpline(points, context) { context.beginPath(); context.moveTo(points[0].x, points[0].y); for (let i = 1; i < points.length - 2; i++) { const p0 = points[i - 1]; const p1 = points[i]; const p2 = points[i + 1]; const p3 = points[i + 2]; const t = 0.5; const x1 = (-t * p0.x + (2 - t) * p1.x + (t - 2) * p2.x + t * p3.x) / 2; const y1 = (-t * p0.y + (2 - t) * p1.y + (t - 2) * p2.y + t * p3.y) / 2; const x2 = ((2 * t - 3) * p0.x + (3 - 4 * t) * p1.x + (1 + 2 * t) * p2.x + (-t) * p3.x) / 2; const y2 = ((2 * t - 3) * p0.y + (3 - 4 * t) * p1.y + (1 + 2 * t) * p2.y + (-t) * p3.y) / 2; const x3 = (t * p1.x + (2 - t) * p2.x) / 2; const y3 = (t * p1.y + (2 - t) * p2.y) / 2; context.bezierCurveTo(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3); } context.lineTo(points[points.length - 2].x, points[points.length - 2].y); context.lineTo(points[points.length - 1].x, points[points.length - 1].y); context.stroke(); } catmullRomSpline(points, context); </script> </body> </html>
结论
总之,使用 JavaScript 绘制通过多个点的平滑曲线可以极大地增强基于 Web 的图形和数据可视化的视觉美观性和可读性。通过利用贝塞尔曲线和 Catmull-Rom 样条曲线的功能,我们学习了如何借助 canvas HTML 元素及其上下文 API 使用 javascript 绘制通过多个点的平滑曲线。
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