Objective-C继承



面向对象编程中最重要的概念之一就是继承。继承允许我们根据另一个类来定义一个类,这使得创建和维护应用程序更加容易。这也提供了代码功能重用和快速实现时间的机会。

创建类时,程序员可以指定新类应该继承现有类的成员,而不是完全编写新的数据成员和成员函数。这个现有类称为基类,新类称为派生类

继承的概念实现了is a关系。例如,哺乳动物是动物,狗是哺乳动物,因此狗也是动物,依此类推。

基类和派生类

Objective-C只允许多级继承,即它只能有一个基类,但允许多级继承。Objective-C中的所有类都派生自超类NSObject

@interface derived-class: base-class

考虑一个基类Person及其派生类Employee,如下所示:

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
 
@interface Person : NSObject {
   NSString *personName;
   NSInteger personAge;
}

- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age;
- (void)print;

@end

@implementation Person

- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age {
   personName = name;
   personAge = age;
   return self;
}

- (void)print {
   NSLog(@"Name: %@", personName);
   NSLog(@"Age: %ld", personAge);
}

@end

@interface Employee : Person {
   NSString *employeeEducation;
}

- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age 
  andEducation:(NSString *)education;
- (void)print;
@end

@implementation Employee

- (id)initWithName:(NSString *)name andAge:(NSInteger)age 
   andEducation: (NSString *)education {
      personName = name;
      personAge = age;
      employeeEducation = education;
      return self;
   }

- (void)print {
   NSLog(@"Name: %@", personName);
   NSLog(@"Age: %ld", personAge);
   NSLog(@"Education: %@", employeeEducation);
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
   NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];        
   NSLog(@"Base class Person Object");
   Person *person = [[Person alloc]initWithName:@"Raj" andAge:5];
   [person print];
   NSLog(@"Inherited Class Employee Object");
   Employee *employee = [[Employee alloc]initWithName:@"Raj" 
   andAge:5 andEducation:@"MBA"];
   [employee print];        
   [pool drain];
   return 0;
}

编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果:

2013-09-22 21:20:09.842 Inheritance[349:303] Base class Person Object
2013-09-22 21:20:09.844 Inheritance[349:303] Name: Raj
2013-09-22 21:20:09.844 Inheritance[349:303] Age: 5
2013-09-22 21:20:09.845 Inheritance[349:303] Inherited Class Employee Object
2013-09-22 21:20:09.845 Inheritance[349:303] Name: Raj
2013-09-22 21:20:09.846 Inheritance[349:303] Age: 5
2013-09-22 21:20:09.846 Inheritance[349:303] Education: MBA

访问控制和继承

如果派生类在接口类中定义,则它可以访问其基类的所有私有成员,但它不能访问在实现文件中定义的私有成员。

我们可以按照谁可以访问它们来总结不同的访问类型:

派生类继承所有基类方法和变量,但以下情况例外:

  • 使用扩展在实现文件中声明的变量不可访问。

  • 使用扩展在实现文件中声明的方法不可访问。

  • 如果继承的类实现了基类中的方法,则执行派生类中的方法。

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