- Objective-C 基础
- Objective-C - 首页
- Objective-C - 概述
- Objective-C - 环境搭建
- Objective-C - 程序结构
- Objective-C - 基本语法
- Objective-C - 数据类型
- Objective-C - 变量
- Objective-C - 常量
- Objective-C - 运算符
- Objective-C - 循环
- Objective-C - 条件语句
- Objective-C - 函数
- Objective-C - 块 (Blocks)
- Objective-C - 数字
- Objective-C - 数组
- Objective-C - 指针
- Objective-C - 字符串
- Objective-C - 结构体
- Objective-C - 预处理器
- Objective-C - Typedef
- Objective-C - 类型转换
- Objective-C - 日志处理
- Objective-C - 错误处理
- 命令行参数
- 高级 Objective-C
- Objective-C - 类与对象
- Objective-C - 继承
- Objective-C - 多态
- Objective-C - 数据封装
- Objective-C - 分类 (Categories)
- Objective-C - 模拟 (Posing)
- Objective-C - 扩展 (Extensions)
- Objective-C - 协议 (Protocols)
- Objective-C - 动态绑定
- Objective-C - 复合对象
- Obj-C - Foundation 框架
- Objective-C - 快速枚举
- Obj-C - 内存管理
- Objective-C 有用资源
- Objective-C - 快速指南
- Objective-C - 有用资源
- Objective-C - 讨论
Objective-C 结构体
Objective-C 数组允许你定义能够保存多种相同类型数据项的变量,但**结构体**是 Objective-C 编程中另一种用户自定义的数据类型,它允许你组合不同类型的数据项。
结构体用于表示记录,假设你想要跟踪图书馆中书籍的信息。你可能想要跟踪每本书的以下属性:
- 书名
- 作者
- 主题
- 图书ID
定义结构体
要定义结构体,你必须使用**struct**语句。struct 语句定义了一种新的数据类型,你的程序中可以使用多个成员。struct 语句的格式如下所示:
struct [structure tag] {
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];
**结构体标签**是可选的,每个成员定义都是一个正常的变量定义,例如 int i; 或 float f; 或任何其他有效的变量定义。在结构体定义的末尾,在最后一个分号之前,你可以指定一个或多个结构体变量,但这是可选的。以下是声明 Book 结构体的方式:
struct Books {
NSString *title;
NSString *author;
NSString *subject;
int book_id;
} book;
访问结构体成员
要访问结构体的任何成员,我们使用**成员访问运算符 (.)**。成员访问运算符被编码为结构体变量名和我们想要访问的结构体成员之间的句点。你会使用**struct**关键字来定义结构体类型的变量。以下示例解释了结构体的用法:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
struct Books {
NSString *title;
NSString *author;
NSString *subject;
int book_id;
};
int main() {
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
Book1.title = @"Objective-C Programming";
Book1.author = @"Nuha Ali";
Book1.subject = @"Objective-C Programming Tutorial";
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
/* book 2 specification */
Book2.title = @"Telecom Billing";
Book2.author = @"Zara Ali";
Book2.subject = @"Telecom Billing Tutorial";
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
/* print Book1 info */
NSLog(@"Book 1 title : %@\n", Book1.title);
NSLog(@"Book 1 author : %@\n", Book1.author);
NSLog(@"Book 1 subject : %@\n", Book1.subject);
NSLog(@"Book 1 book_id : %d\n", Book1.book_id);
/* print Book2 info */
NSLog(@"Book 2 title : %@\n", Book2.title);
NSLog(@"Book 2 author : %@\n", Book2.author);
NSLog(@"Book 2 subject : %@\n", Book2.subject);
NSLog(@"Book 2 book_id : %d\n", Book2.book_id);
return 0;
}
当编译并执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果:
2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 1 title : Objective-C Programming 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 1 author : Nuha Ali 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 1 subject : Objective-C Programming Tutorial 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 1 book_id : 6495407 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 2 title : Telecom Billing 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 2 author : Zara Ali 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial 2013-09-14 04:20:07.947 demo[20591] Book 2 book_id : 6495700
结构体作为函数参数
你可以像传递任何其他变量或指针一样传递结构体作为函数参数。你会以与在上述示例中访问的方式类似的方式访问结构体变量:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
struct Books {
NSString *title;
NSString *author;
NSString *subject;
int book_id;
};
@interface SampleClass:NSObject
/* function declaration */
- (void) printBook:( struct Books) book ;
@end
@implementation SampleClass
- (void) printBook:( struct Books) book {
NSLog(@"Book title : %@\n", book.title);
NSLog(@"Book author : %@\n", book.author);
NSLog(@"Book subject : %@\n", book.subject);
NSLog(@"Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id);
}
@end
int main() {
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
Book1.title = @"Objective-C Programming";
Book1.author = @"Nuha Ali";
Book1.subject = @"Objective-C Programming Tutorial";
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
/* book 2 specification */
Book2.title = @"Telecom Billing";
Book2.author = @"Zara Ali";
Book2.subject = @"Telecom Billing Tutorial";
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
SampleClass *sampleClass = [[SampleClass alloc]init];
/* print Book1 info */
[sampleClass printBook: Book1];
/* Print Book2 info */
[sampleClass printBook: Book2];
return 0;
}
当编译并执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果:
2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book title : Objective-C Programming 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book author : Nuha Ali 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book subject : Objective-C Programming Tutorial 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book book_id : 6495407 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book title : Telecom Billing 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book author : Zara Ali 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial 2013-09-14 04:34:45.725 demo[8060] Book book_id : 6495700
指向结构体的指针
你可以像定义指向任何其他变量的指针一样定义指向结构体的指针,如下所示:
struct Books *struct_pointer;
现在,你可以将结构体变量的地址存储在上述定义的指针变量中。要查找结构体变量的地址,请在结构体名称前放置 & 运算符,如下所示:
struct_pointer = &Book1;
要使用指向该结构体的指针访问结构体的成员,必须使用 -> 运算符,如下所示:
struct_pointer->title;
让我们使用结构体指针重写上面的例子,希望这更容易让你理解这个概念:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
struct Books {
NSString *title;
NSString *author;
NSString *subject;
int book_id;
};
@interface SampleClass:NSObject
/* function declaration */
- (void) printBook:( struct Books *) book ;
@end
@implementation SampleClass
- (void) printBook:( struct Books *) book {
NSLog(@"Book title : %@\n", book->title);
NSLog(@"Book author : %@\n", book->author);
NSLog(@"Book subject : %@\n", book->subject);
NSLog(@"Book book_id : %d\n", book->book_id);
}
@end
int main() {
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
Book1.title = @"Objective-C Programming";
Book1.author = @"Nuha Ali";
Book1.subject = @"Objective-C Programming Tutorial";
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
/* book 2 specification */
Book2.title = @"Telecom Billing";
Book2.author = @"Zara Ali";
Book2.subject = @"Telecom Billing Tutorial";
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
SampleClass *sampleClass = [[SampleClass alloc]init];
/* print Book1 info by passing address of Book1 */
[sampleClass printBook:&Book1];
/* print Book2 info by passing address of Book2 */
[sampleClass printBook:&Book2];
return 0;
}
当编译并执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果:
2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book title : Objective-C Programming 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book author : Nuha Ali 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book subject : Objective-C Programming Tutorial 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book book_id : 6495407 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book title : Telecom Billing 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book author : Zara Ali 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial 2013-09-14 04:38:13.942 demo[20745] Book book_id : 6495700
位域
位域允许在结构体中打包数据。当内存或数据存储非常宝贵时,这尤其有用。典型示例:
将多个对象打包到一个机器字中。例如,可以压缩 1 位标志。
读取外部文件格式——可以读取非标准文件格式。例如,9 位整数。
Objective-C 允许我们在结构体定义中通过在变量后添加 :bit length 来实现这一点。例如:
struct packed_struct {
unsigned int f1:1;
unsigned int f2:1;
unsigned int f3:1;
unsigned int f4:1;
unsigned int type:4;
unsigned int my_int:9;
} pack;
这里,packed_struct 包含 6 个成员:四个 1 位标志 f1..f3、一个 4 位类型和一个 9 位 my_int。
Objective-C 会自动尽可能紧凑地打包上述位域,前提是字段的最大长度小于或等于计算机的整数字长。如果不是这种情况,则某些编译器可能会允许字段的内存重叠,而其他编译器则会将下一个字段存储在下一个字中。