Requests - 使用Requests

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本章我们将学习如何使用requests模块。我们将学习以下内容：

• 发出HTTP请求。
• 向HTTP请求传递参数。

发出HTTP请求

要发出HTTP请求，我们首先需要导入requests模块，如下所示：

import requests 

现在让我们看看如何使用requests模块调用URL。

让我们在代码中使用URL - https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users 来测试Requests模块。

示例

import requests
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')
print(getdata.status_code)

使用requests.get()方法调用URL - https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users。URL的响应对象存储在getdata变量中。当我们打印该变量时，它会返回200响应代码，这意味着我们已成功获得响应。

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
<Response [200]>

要从响应中获取内容，我们可以使用getdata.content，如下所示：

示例

import requests
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')
print(getdata.content)

getdata.content将打印响应中所有可用的数据。

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
b'[\n {\n  "id": 1,\n  "name": "Leanne Graham",\n  "username": "Bret",\n
"email": "[email protected]",\n  "address": {\n  "street": "Kulas Light
",\n  "suite": "Apt. 556",\n  "city": "Gwenborough",\n  "zipcode": "
92998-3874",\n  "geo": {\n "lat": "-37.3159",\n  "lng": "81.149
6"\n }\n },\n  "phone": "1-770-736-8031 x56442",\n  "website": "hild
egard.org",\n  "company": {\n "name": "Romaguera-Crona",\n  "catchPhr
ase": "Multi-layered client-server neural-net",\n  "bs": "harness real-time
e-markets"\n }\n }

向HTTP请求传递参数

仅仅请求URL是不够的，我们还需要向URL传递参数。

参数通常以键值对的形式传递，例如：

 https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users?id=9&username=Delphine

因此，我们有id = 9和username = Delphine。现在，我们将看看如何将此类数据传递到requests HTTP模块。

示例

import requests
payload = {'id': 9, 'username': 'Delphine'}
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users', 
params = payload)
print(getdata.content)

详细信息存储在键值对的payload对象中，并传递给get()方法中的params。

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
b'[\n {\n "id": 9,\n "name": "Glenna Reichert",\n "username": "Delphin
e",\n "email": "[email protected]",\n "address": {\n "street":
"Dayna Park",\n "suite": "Suite 449",\n "city": "Bartholomebury",\n
"zipcode": "76495-3109",\n "geo": {\n "lat": "24.6463",\n
"lng": "-168.8889"\n }\n },\n "phone": "(775)976-6794 x41206",\n "
website": "conrad.com",\n "company": {\n "name": "Yost and Sons",\n
"catchPhrase": "Switchable contextually-based project",\n "bs": "aggregate
real-time technologies"\n }\n }\n]'

我们现在正在响应中获取id = 9和username = Delphine的详细信息。

如果您想了解传递参数后URL的外观，请使用响应对象查看URL。

示例

import requests
payload = {'id': 9, 'username': 'Delphine'}
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users', 
params = payload)
print(getdata.url)

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users?id=9&username=Delphine