Vaadin - 用户界面组件

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Vaadin 用于在网页中构建丰富的用户界面组件。本章将介绍 Vaadin 引入的不同用户界面组件，以维护高质量的网页。本章的第一部分讨论了基本的 Web 组件及其用途，第二部分讨论了在后端绑定组件。

字段组件

字段是用户可以通过 IO 操作操作的 Web 组件。Vaadin 基于 JAVA，因此在 Vaadin 中，所有 Web 组件都具有一个已实现的类以及 Vaadin 库函数。下图显示了不同的字段组件如何从名为 **AbstractField<T>** 的基类继承。

请注意，所有这些模块都类似于 UI 开发中的那些模块。在 Vaadin 中，我们有单独的类来实现每一个。您将在接下来的章节中详细了解这些内容。

标签

标签用于在网页中提及任何不可编辑的文本。下面的示例显示了如何在我们的应用程序中使用标签。请注意，在给定的示例中，我们创建了一个 JAVA 类并将其命名为 **LabelExam.java** 接口，我们将覆盖其 **init()** 方法来运行它。

package com.MyTutorials.MyFirstApp;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.ui.HorizontalLayout;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;

//extending UI
public class LabelExam extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest request) {
      final HorizontalLayout hLayout = new HorizontalLayout(); //creating a Layout
      Label l1 = new Label(" Welcome to the World of Vaadin Tutorials.");
      Label l2 = new Label("\n Happy Learning .." ,ContentMode.PREFORMATTED); // Content Mode tells JVM to interpret the String mentioned in the label. Hence label2 will be printed in next line because of “\n”.
      hLayout.addComponents(l1,l2); // adding labels to layout
      setContent(hLayout); // setting the layout as a content of the web page.
   }
   // Code to control URL
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = LabelExam.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

在上面的示例中，我们创建了两个标签，最后我们将该标签添加到我们的布局中。您将在接下来的章节中学习更多关于布局的内容。**VaadinServlet** 已被实现以控制 URL。但是，在实际项目中，您无需在每个 Java 应用程序中定义 servlet，因为它将被互联。选择文件并单击 **在服务器上运行**，上面给出的代码将产生如下所示的输出。

链接

链接可用于实现到其他网站的外部链接。此类的工作方式与 HTML 的超链接标签完全相同。在下面的示例中，我们将使用 Link 根据名为 **单击此处** 的事件将用户重定向到另一个网站。现在，修改 **MyUI.java** 类，如下所示。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.ExternalResource;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.shared.ui.ContentMode;

import com.vaadin.ui.Button;
import com.vaadin.ui.HorizontalLayout;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.Link;
import com.vaadin.ui.TextField;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      final VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      
      final HorizontalLayout hLayout = new HorizontalLayout();
      
      Link link = new Link("Click Me",new ExternalResource("https://tutorialspoint.com/"));
      hLayout.addComponent(link);
      setContent(hLayout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

在上面的示例中，我们创建了一个到另一个网站的外部链接。它将在浏览器中给我们以下输出。

用户单击链接后，将被重定向到 www.tutorialspoint.com

文本字段

本节介绍如何使用 Vaadin 内置类生成文本字段。为此，请更新您的 MyUI.java 类，如下所示。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;

import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.shared.ui.ContentMode;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.TextField;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      final VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      Label l1 = new Label("Example of TextField--\n ",ContentMode.PREFORMATTED);
      TextField text = new TextField();
      text.setValue("----");
      layout.addComponents(l1,text);
      setContent(layout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

现在，刷新您的项目并进行干净构建。您可以在浏览器中观察到如下所示的输出。请记住重新启动浏览器以获取其最新更改。

文本区域

本节将向您解释如何使用 Vaadin 预定义类在浏览器中创建文本区域。请观察以下示例代码。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;

import com.vaadin.ui.Alignment;
import com.vaadin.ui.TextArea;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      final VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      final VerticalLayout hLayout = new VerticalLayout();
      TextArea text = new TextArea();
      text.setValue(" I am the example of Text Area in Vaadin");
      hLayout.addComponent(text);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(text,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      setContent(hLayout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

以上代码将在浏览器中产生以下输出：

日期和时间

您可以使用日期选择器在浏览器中填充日期和时间。观察以下示例代码。在这里，我们使用了 Vaadin 预定义的 Date 类来在浏览器中填充日期和时间。

package com.example.myapplication;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.Locale;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;

import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.shared.ui.ContentMode;
import com.vaadin.ui.Alignment;
import com.vaadin.ui.DateField;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      final VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      final VerticalLayout hLayout = new VerticalLayout();
      Label l1 = new Label("Enter today's Date\n",ContentMode.PREFORMATTED);
      DateField date = new DateField();
      date.setValue(LocalDate.now());
      date.setLocale(new Locale("en","IND"));
      hLayout.addComponents(l1,date);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(l1,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(date,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      setContent(hLayout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {
}

在上面的示例中，我们使用了 Vaadin 预定义的日期函数来在网页中填充日期组件。此代码将为您提供如下截图所示的输出：

按钮

以下代码将向您解释如何在网页中应用按钮。在这里，我们使用了一个名为 **单击我** 的按钮。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.ExternalResource;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.shared.ui.ContentMode;
import com.vaadin.ui.Alignment;
import com.vaadin.ui.Button;

import com.vaadin.ui.HorizontalLayout;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.Link;
import com.vaadin.ui.TextArea;
import com.vaadin.ui.TextField;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      final VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      final VerticalLayout hLayout = new VerticalLayout();
      TextArea text = new TextArea();
      text.setValue("Please enter some Value");
      Button b = new Button("Click Me");
      hLayout.addComponent(text);
      hLayout.addComponent(b);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(text,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(b,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      setContent(hLayout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

以上代码将产生如下所示的输出。

复选框

Vaadin 还提供内置类来在网页中创建复选框。在下面的示例中，我们将使用 Vaadin 丰富的 Web 组件创建一个复选框。

package com.example.myapplication;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.Locale;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.shared.ui.ContentMode;
import com.vaadin.ui.Alignment;

import com.vaadin.ui.CheckBox;
import com.vaadin.ui.DateField;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      final VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      final VerticalLayout hLayout = new VerticalLayout();
      Label l1 = new Label("Example of Check Box\n",ContentMode.PREFORMATTED);
      CheckBox chk1 = new CheckBox("Option1");
      CheckBox chk2 = new CheckBox("Option2");
      CheckBox chk3 = new CheckBox("Option3");
      hLayout.addComponents(l1,chk1,chk2,chk3);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(l1,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(chk1,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(chk2,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      hLayout.setComponentAlignment(chk3,Alignment.BOTTOM_CENTER);
      setContent(hLayout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

以上代码将在浏览器中产生如下所示的输出。您也可以为用户创建任意数量的复选框。在后续章节中，您将学习在网页中填充复选框的不同方法。

数据绑定

本节将向您解释如何使用 Vaadin 作为框架将数据从前端绑定到后端。请注意，以下显示的代码从前端获取输入以及数据字段。让我们创建一个 bean 类来绑定数据字段。创建一个 Java 类并将其命名为 **Employee.java**。

package com.example.myapplication;

public class EmployeeBean {
   
   private String name = "";
   private String Email = " ";
   public EmployeeBean() {
      super();
      // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   }
   public EmployeeBean(String name, String email) {
      super();
      this.name = name;
      Email = email;
   }
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   public void setName(String name) {
      System.out.println("asdassd");
      this.name = name;
   }
   public String getEmail() {
      return Email;
   }
   public void setEmail(String email) {
      Email = email; 
   }
}

我们必须修改 **MyUI.java** 类才能绑定员工类的 data 字段。观察修改后的类的以下代码。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.PropertyId;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.data.Binder;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.shared.ui.ContentMode;
import com.vaadin.ui.Alignment;

import com.vaadin.ui.Button;
import com.vaadin.ui.Button.ClickEvent;
import com.vaadin.ui.CheckBox;
import com.vaadin.ui.FormLayout;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.TextField;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      EmployeeBean bean = new EmployeeBean("TutorialsPoint","Abc@TutorialsPoint.com");
      Binder<EmployeeBean> binder = new Binder  <EmployeeBean>();
      final FormLayout form = new FormLayout();
      Label l1 = new Label("Please fill Below Form");
      Label labelName = new Label("Name--");
      TextField name = new TextField();
      binder.bind(name,EmployeeBean::getName,EmployeeBean::setName);
      Label labelEmail = new Label("Email---");
      TextField email = new TextField();
      binder.bind(email,EmployeeBean::getEmail,EmployeeBean::setEmail);
      Button button = new Button("Process..");
      form.addComponents(l1,labelName,name,labelEmail,email,button);
      setContent(form);
      binder.setBean(bean); //auto binding using in built method
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {
   }
}

以上代码将在浏览器中产生以下输出。

表格

表格是 Vaadin 最常用的功能之一。表格单元格可以包含任何类型的数据。表格组件用于以表格格式显示所有数据，这些数据组织成行和列结构。但是，自从 Vaadin 8 发布以来，表格功能已经绝对化，并且使用 Grid 组件修改了相同的功能。如果您仍在使用旧版本的 Vaadin，则可以自由使用如下所示格式的表格。

/* Create the table with a caption. */
Table table = new Table("This is my Table");
/* Define the names and data types of columns.
* The "default value" parameter is meaningless here. */

table.addContainerProperty("First Name", String.class, null);
table.addContainerProperty("Last Name", String.class, null);
table.addContainerProperty("Year", Integer.class, null);

/* Add a few items in the table. */
table.addItem(new Object[] {"Nicolaus","Copernicus",new Integer(1473)}, new Integer(1));
table.addItem(new Object[] {"Tycho", "Brahe", new Integer(1546)}, new Integer(2));
table.addItem(new Object[] {"Giordano","Bruno", new Integer(1548)}, new Integer(3));
table.addItem(new Object[] {"Galileo", "Galilei", new Integer(1564)}, new Integer(4));
table.addItem(new Object[] {"Johannes","Kepler", new Integer(1571)}, new Integer(5));
table.addItem(new Object[] {"Isaac", "Newton", new Integer(1643)}, new Integer(6));

在即将到来的关于 **GRID** 的章节中，您将学习更多关于 Grid 创建和使用相同的方法填充数据的内容。

树

树组件用于在网站中填充目录结构。在本节中，您将学习如何使用 Vaadin 框架在网页中填充树。更新所需的 **MyUI** 类，如下所示。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.data.TreeData;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;
import com.vaadin.ui.Component;
import com.vaadin.ui.Tree;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      Tree<String> tree = new Tree<>();
      TreeData<String> treeData =tree.getTreeData();

      // Couple of childless root items
      treeData.addItem(null, "Option1");
      treeData.addItem("Option1", "Child1");
      treeData.addItem(null, "Option2");
      treeData.addItem("Option2", "Child2");

      // Items with hierarchy
      treeData.addItem(null, "Option3");
      treeData.addItem("Option3", "Child3");
      layout.addComponent(tree);
      setContent(layout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

以上代码将在浏览器中产生以下输出。

菜单栏

菜单栏组件帮助我们在网站中创建菜单。它可以是动态的，也可以是嵌套的。请在下面找到一个示例，我们使用 Vaadin 菜单栏组件创建了一个嵌套菜单栏。继续修改我们的类，如下所示。

package com.example.myapplication;

import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import com.vaadin.annotations.Theme;
import com.vaadin.annotations.VaadinServletConfiguration;
import com.vaadin.data.TreeData;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinRequest;
import com.vaadin.server.VaadinServlet;

import com.vaadin.ui.Component;
import com.vaadin.ui.Label;
import com.vaadin.ui.MenuBar;
import com.vaadin.ui.MenuBar.MenuItem;
import com.vaadin.ui.Tree;
import com.vaadin.ui.UI;
import com.vaadin.ui.VerticalLayout;

@Theme("mytheme")
public class MyUI extends UI {
   @Override
   protected void init(VaadinRequest vaadinRequest) {
      VerticalLayout layout = new VerticalLayout();
      MenuBar barmenu = new MenuBar();
      layout.addComponent(barmenu);

      // A feedback component
      final Label selection = new Label("-");
      layout.addComponent(selection);

      // Define a common menu command for all the menu items.
      MenuBar.Command mycommand = new MenuBar.Command() {
         public void menuSelected(MenuItem selectedItem) {
            selection.setValue("Ordered a " +
            selectedItem.getText() +
            " from menu.");
         }
      };
      
      // Put some items in the menu hierarchically
      MenuBar.MenuItem beverages =
      barmenu.addItem("Beverages", null, null);
      MenuBar.MenuItem hot_beverages =
      beverages.addItem("Hot", null, null);
      hot_beverages.addItem("Tea", null, mycommand);
      hot_beverages.addItem("Coffee", null, mycommand);
      MenuBar.MenuItem cold_beverages =
      beverages.addItem("Cold", null, null);
      cold_beverages.addItem("Milk", null, mycommand);
      cold_beverages.addItem("Weissbier", null, mycommand);
      
      // Another top-level item
      MenuBar.MenuItem snacks =
      barmenu.addItem("Snacks", null, null);
      snacks.addItem("Weisswurst", null, mycommand);
      snacks.addItem("Bratwurst", null, mycommand);
      snacks.addItem("Currywurst", null, mycommand);
      
      // Yet another top-level item
      MenuBar.MenuItem services =
      barmenu.addItem("Services", null, null);
      services.addItem("Car Service", null, mycommand);
      setContent(layout);
   }
   @WebServlet(urlPatterns = "/*", name = "MyUIServlet", asyncSupported = true)
   @VaadinServletConfiguration(ui = MyUI.class, productionMode = false)
   public static class MyUIServlet extends VaadinServlet {}
}

在上面讨论的示例中，我们创建了一个嵌套菜单栏。运行以上代码，您可以在浏览器中观察到如下所示的输出：