Java实现的DSA - 图



概述

图是一种用于模拟数学图的数据结构。它由一组称为顶点边的连接对组成。我们可以使用顶点数组和二维边数组来表示图。

重要术语

  • 顶点 − 图的每个节点都表示为一个顶点。在下面的示例中,带标签的圆圈代表顶点。因此,A到G都是顶点。我们可以像下图所示那样使用数组来表示它们。这里A可以用索引0表示,B可以用索引1表示,以此类推。

  • − 边表示两个顶点之间的路径或两个顶点之间的线。在下面的示例中,从A到B、B到C等的线表示边。我们可以使用二维数组来表示数组,如下图所示。这里AB可以用第0行第1列的1来表示,BC可以用第1行第2列的1来表示,以此类推,其他组合保持为0。

  • 邻接 − 如果两个节点或顶点通过一条边连接在一起,则它们是邻接的。在下面的示例中,B与A邻接,C与B邻接,以此类推。

  • 路径 − 路径表示两个顶点之间的一系列边。在下面的示例中,ABCD表示从A到D的路径。

基本操作

以下是图的基本主要操作。

  • 添加顶点 − 向图中添加一个顶点。

  • 添加边 − 在图的两个顶点之间添加一条边。

  • 显示顶点 − 显示图的一个顶点。

添加顶点操作

//add vertex to the array of vertex
public void addVertex(char label){
   lstVertices[vertexCount++] = new Vertex(label);
}

添加边操作

//add edge to edge array
public void addEdge(int start,int end){
   adjMatrix[start][end] = 1;
   adjMatrix[end][start] = 1;
}

显示边操作

//display the vertex
public void displayVertex(int vertexIndex){
   System.out.print(lstVertices[vertexIndex].label+" ");
}   

遍历算法

以下是图上的重要遍历算法。

  • 深度优先搜索 − 以深度优先的方式遍历图。

  • 广度优先搜索 − 以广度优先的方式遍历图。

深度优先搜索算法

深度优先搜索算法 (DFS) 以深度优先的方式遍历图,并使用栈来记住当任何迭代中出现死胡同时下一个要开始搜索的顶点。

如上例所示,DFS算法首先从A遍历到B,再到C,再到D,然后到E,然后到F,最后到G。它采用以下规则。

  • 规则1 − 访问相邻的未访问顶点。标记为已访问。显示它。将其压入栈中。

  • 规则2 − 如果未找到相邻顶点,则从栈中弹出顶点。(它将弹出栈中所有没有相邻顶点的顶点。)

  • 规则3 − 重复规则1和规则2,直到栈为空。

public void depthFirstSearch(){
   //mark first node as visited
   lstVertices[0].visited = true;
   //display the vertex
   displayVertex(0);   
   //push vertex index in stack
   stack.push(0);

   while(!stack.isEmpty()){
      //get the unvisited vertex of vertex which is at top of the stack
      int unvisitedVertex = getAdjUnvisitedVertex(stack.peek());
      //no adjacent vertex found
      if(unvisitedVertex == -1){
         stack.pop();
      }else{
         lstVertices[unvisitedVertex].visited = true;
         displayVertex(unvisitedVertex);
         stack.push(unvisitedVertex);
      }
   }

   //stack is empty, search is complete, reset the visited flag        
   for(int i=0;i<vertexCount;i++){
      lstVertices[i].visited = false;
   }        
}

广度优先搜索算法

广度优先搜索算法 (BFS) 以广度优先的方式遍历图,并使用队列来记住当任何迭代中出现死胡同时下一个要开始搜索的顶点。

如上例所示,BFS算法首先从A遍历到B,再到E,再到F,然后到C和G,最后到D。它采用以下规则。

  • 规则1 − 访问相邻的未访问顶点。标记为已访问。显示它。将其插入队列中。

  • 规则2 − 如果未找到相邻顶点,则从队列中删除第一个顶点。

  • 规则3 − 重复规则1和规则2,直到队列为空。

public void breadthFirstSearch(){
   //mark first node as visited
   lstVertices[0].visited = true;
   //display the vertex
   displayVertex(0);   
   //insert vertex index in queue
   queue.insert(0);

   int unvisitedVertex;
   while(!queue.isEmpty()){
      //get the unvisited vertex of vertex which is at front of the queue
      int tempVertex = queue.remove();            
      //no adjacent vertex found
      while((unvisitedVertex=getAdjUnvisitedVertex(tempVertex)) != -1){    
         lstVertices[unvisitedVertex].visited = true;
         displayVertex(unvisitedVertex);
         queue.insert(unvisitedVertex);               
      }
   }   

   //queue is empty, search is complete, reset the visited flag        
   for(int i=0;i<vertexCount;i++){
      lstVertices[i].visited = false;
   }    
}

图的实现

Stack.java

package com.tutorialspoint.datastructure;

public class Stack {
   private int size;           // size of the stack
   private int[] intArray;     // stack storage
   private int top;            // top of the stack

   // Constructor 
   public Stack(int size){
      this.size = size;           
      intArray = new int[size];   //initialize array
      top = -1;                   //stack is initially empty
   }

   // Operation : Push
   // push item on the top of the stack 
   public void push(int data) {

      if(!isFull()){
         // increment top by 1 and insert data 
         intArray[++top] = data;
      }else{
         System.out.println("Cannot add data. Stack is full.");
      }      
   }

   // Operation : Pop
   // pop item from the top of the stack 
   public int pop() {
      //retrieve data and decrement the top by 1
      return intArray[top--];        
   }

   // Operation : Peek
   // view the data at top of the stack    
   public int peek() {       
      //retrieve data from the top
      return intArray[top];
   }

   // Operation : isFull
   // return true if stack is full 
   public boolean isFull(){
      return (top == size-1);
   }
   
   // Operation : isEmpty
   // return true if stack is empty 
   public boolean isEmpty(){
      return (top == -1);
   }
}

Queue.java

package com.tutorialspoint.datastructure;

public class Queue {
    
   private final int MAX;
   private int[] intArray;
   private int front;
   private int rear;
   private int itemCount;

   public Queue(int size){
      MAX = size;
      intArray = new int[MAX];
      front = 0;
      rear = -1;
      itemCount = 0;
   }

   public void insert(int data){
      if(!isFull()){
         if(rear == MAX-1){
            rear = -1;            
         }       

         intArray[++rear] = data;
         itemCount++;
      }
   }

   public int remove(){
      int data = intArray[front++];
      if(front == MAX){
         front = 0;
      }
      itemCount--;
      return data;  
   }

   public int peek(){
      return intArray[front];
   }

   public boolean isEmpty(){
      return itemCount == 0;
   }

   public boolean isFull(){
      return itemCount == MAX;
   }

   public int size(){
      return itemCount;
   }    
}

Vertex.java

package com.tutorialspoint.datastructure;

public class Vertex {
   public char label;
   public boolean visited;

   public Vertex(char label){
      this.label = label;
      visited = false;
   }   
}

Graph.java

package com.tutorialspoint.datastructure;

public class Graph {
   private final int MAX = 20;
   //array of vertices
   private Vertex lstVertices[];
   //adjacency matrix
   private int adjMatrix[][];
   //vertex count
   private int vertexCount;

   private Stack stack;
   private Queue queue;

   public Graph(){
      lstVertices = new Vertex[MAX];
      adjMatrix = new int[MAX][MAX];
      vertexCount = 0;
      stack = new Stack(MAX);
      queue = new Queue(MAX);
      for(int j=0; j<MAX; j++) // set adjacency
         for(int k=0; k<MAX; k++) // matrix to 0
            adjMatrix[j][k] = 0;
   } 

   //add vertex to the vertex list
   public void addVertex(char label){
      lstVertices[vertexCount++] = new Vertex(label);
   }

   //add edge to edge array
   public void addEdge(int start,int end){
      adjMatrix[start][end] = 1;
      adjMatrix[end][start] = 1;
   }

   //display the vertex
   public void displayVertex(int vertexIndex){
      System.out.print(lstVertices[vertexIndex].label+" ");
   }       

   //get the adjacent unvisited vertex
   public int getAdjUnvisitedVertex(int vertexIndex){
      for(int i=0; i<vertexCount; i++)
         if(adjMatrix[vertexIndex][i]==1 && lstVertices[i].visited==false)
            return i;
      return -1;
   }

   public void depthFirstSearch(){
      //mark first node as visited
      lstVertices[0].visited = true;
      //display the vertex
      displayVertex(0);   
      //push vertex index in stack
      stack.push(0);

      while(!stack.isEmpty()){
         //get the unvisited vertex of vertex which is at top of the stack
         int unvisitedVertex = getAdjUnvisitedVertex(stack.peek());
         //no adjacent vertex found
         if(unvisitedVertex == -1){
            stack.pop();
         }else{
            lstVertices[unvisitedVertex].visited = true;
            displayVertex(unvisitedVertex);
            stack.push(unvisitedVertex);
         }
      }

      //stack is empty, search is complete, reset the visited flag        
      for(int i=0;i<vertexCount;i++){
         lstVertices[i].visited = false;
      }        
   }

   public void breadthFirstSearch(){
      //mark first node as visited
      lstVertices[0].visited = true;
      //display the vertex
      displayVertex(0);   
      //insert vertex index in queue
      queue.insert(0);
      int unvisitedVertex;
      while(!queue.isEmpty()){
         //get the unvisited vertex of vertex which is at front of the queue
         int tempVertex = queue.remove();            
         //no adjacent vertex found
         while((unvisitedVertex=getAdjUnvisitedVertex(tempVertex)) != -1){    
            lstVertices[unvisitedVertex].visited = true;
            displayVertex(unvisitedVertex);
            queue.insert(unvisitedVertex);               
         }
      }   

      //queue is empty, search is complete, reset the visited flag        
      for(int i=0;i<vertexCount;i++){
         lstVertices[i].visited = false;
      }    
   }
}

演示程序

GraphDemo.java

package com.tutorialspoint.datastructure;

public class GraphDemo {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      Graph graph = new Graph();

      graph.addVertex('A');   //0
      graph.addVertex('B');   //1
      graph.addVertex('C');   //2
      graph.addVertex('D');   //3
      graph.addVertex('E');   //4
      graph.addVertex('F');   //5
      graph.addVertex('G');   //6

      /*       1  2  3   
       * 0  |--B--C--D
       * A--|
       * |
       * |     4 
       * |-----E
       * |     5  6
       * |  |--F--G
       * |--| 
       */        
      graph.addEdge(0, 1);   //AB
      graph.addEdge(1, 2);   //BC
      graph.addEdge(2, 3);   //CD
      graph.addEdge(0, 4);   //AC
      graph.addEdge(0, 5);   //AF
      graph.addEdge(5, 6);   //FG
      System.out.print("Depth First Search: ");
      //A B C D E F G
      graph.depthFirstSearch();        
      System.out.println("");
      System.out.print("Breadth First Search: ");
      //A B E F C G D
      graph.breadthFirstSearch();
   }
}

如果我们编译并运行上述程序,则会产生以下结果:

Depth First Search: A B C D E F G 
Breadth First Search: A B E F C G D
广告