PostgreSQL - Python 接口



安装

PostgreSQL 可以使用 psycopg2 模块与 Python 集成。psycopg2 是 Python 编程语言的 PostgreSQL 数据库适配器。psycopg2 的编写目标是体积小、速度快且稳定可靠。您无需单独安装此模块,因为它默认随 Python 2.5.x 及更高版本一起提供。

如果您机器上未安装,则可以使用 yum 命令安装,如下所示:

$yum install python-psycopg2

要使用 psycopg2 模块,您必须首先创建一个表示数据库的 Connection 对象,然后可以选择创建一个 cursor 对象,它将帮助您执行所有 SQL 语句。

Python psycopg2 模块 API

以下是重要的 psycopg2 模块例程,它们足以满足您从 Python 程序中使用 PostgreSQL 数据库的需求。如果您正在寻找更复杂的应用程序,则可以查看 Python psycopg2 模块的官方文档。

序号 API & 描述
1

psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user="postgres", password="cohondob", host="127.0.0.1", port="5432")

此 API 打开到 PostgreSQL 数据库的连接。如果数据库成功打开,则返回一个连接对象。

2

connection.cursor()

此例程创建一个游标,它将在您使用 Python 进行的数据库编程过程中使用。

3

cursor.execute(sql [, 可选参数])

此例程执行 SQL 语句。SQL 语句可以是参数化的(即,使用占位符而不是 SQL 字面量)。psycopg2 模块使用 %s 符号支持占位符

例如:cursor.execute("insert into people values (%s, %s)", (who, age))

4

cursor.executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)

此例程对序列 sql 中找到的所有参数序列或映射执行 SQL 命令。

5

cursor.callproc(procname[, parameters])

此例程执行具有给定名称的存储数据库过程。参数序列必须包含过程期望的每个参数的一个条目。

6

cursor.rowcount

此只读属性返回上次 last execute*() 修改、插入或删除的数据库行的总数。

7

connection.commit()

此方法提交当前事务。如果您不调用此方法,则自上次调用 commit() 以来所做的任何操作都无法从其他数据库连接中看到。

8

connection.rollback()

此方法回滚自上次调用 commit() 以来对数据库的任何更改。

9

connection.close()

此方法关闭数据库连接。请注意,这不会自动调用 commit()。如果您在不首先调用 commit() 的情况下关闭数据库连接,则您的更改将丢失!

10

cursor.fetchone()

此方法获取查询结果集的下一行,返回单个序列,或者在没有更多数据可用时返回 None。

11

cursor.fetchmany([size=cursor.arraysize])

此例程获取查询结果的下一组行,返回一个列表。当没有更多行可用时,将返回一个空列表。此方法尝试获取与 size 参数指示的数量相同的行。

12

cursor.fetchall()

此例程获取查询结果的所有(剩余)行,返回一个列表。当没有行可用时,将返回一个空列表。

连接到数据库

以下 Python 代码显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在,则将创建它,最后将返回一个数据库对象。

#!/usr/bin/python

import psycopg2

conn = psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")

print "Opened database successfully"

在这里,您还可以提供数据库testdb作为名称,如果数据库成功打开,则它将显示以下消息:

Open database successfully

创建表

以下 Python 程序将用于在先前创建的数据库中创建表:

#!/usr/bin/python

import psycopg2

conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
print "Opened database successfully"

cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('''CREATE TABLE COMPANY
      (ID INT PRIMARY KEY     NOT NULL,
      NAME           TEXT    NOT NULL,
      AGE            INT     NOT NULL,
      ADDRESS        CHAR(50),
      SALARY         REAL);''')
print "Table created successfully"

conn.commit()
conn.close()

执行上述程序时,它将在您的test.db中创建 COMPANY 表,并将显示以下消息:

Opened database successfully
Table created successfully

INSERT 操作

以下 Python 程序显示了如何在上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中创建记录:

#!/usr/bin/python

import psycopg2

conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
print "Opened database successfully"

cur = conn.cursor()

cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
      VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 )");

cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
      VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 )");

cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
      VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 )");

cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
      VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 )");

conn.commit()
print "Records created successfully";
conn.close()

执行上述程序时,它将在 COMPANY 表中创建给定的记录,并将显示以下两行:

Opened database successfully
Records created successfully

SELECT 操作

以下 Python 程序显示了如何从上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示记录:

#!/usr/bin/python

import psycopg2

conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
print "Opened database successfully"

cur = conn.cursor()

cur.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
   print "ID = ", row[0]
   print "NAME = ", row[1]
   print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
   print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"

print "Operation done successfully";
conn.close()

执行上述程序时,将产生以下结果:

Opened database successfully
ID =  1
NAME =  Paul
ADDRESS =  California
SALARY =  20000.0

ID =  2
NAME =  Allen
ADDRESS =  Texas
SALARY =  15000.0

ID =  3
NAME =  Teddy
ADDRESS =  Norway
SALARY =  20000.0

ID =  4
NAME =  Mark
ADDRESS =  Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000.0

Operation done successfully

UPDATE 操作

以下 Python 代码显示了如何使用 UPDATE 语句更新任何记录,然后从我们的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示更新的记录:

#!/usr/bin/python

import psycopg2

conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
print "Opened database successfully"

cur = conn.cursor()

cur.execute("UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID = 1")
conn.commit()
print "Total number of rows updated :", cur.rowcount

cur.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
   print "ID = ", row[0]
   print "NAME = ", row[1]
   print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
   print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"

print "Operation done successfully";
conn.close()

执行上述程序时,将产生以下结果:

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows updated : 1
ID =  1
NAME =  Paul
ADDRESS =  California
SALARY =  25000.0

ID =  2
NAME =  Allen
ADDRESS =  Texas
SALARY =  15000.0

ID =  3
NAME =  Teddy
ADDRESS =  Norway
SALARY =  20000.0

ID =  4
NAME =  Mark
ADDRESS =  Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000.0

Operation done successfully

DELETE 操作

以下 Python 代码显示了如何使用 DELETE 语句删除任何记录,然后从我们的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示剩余的记录:

#!/usr/bin/python

import psycopg2

conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
print "Opened database successfully"

cur = conn.cursor()

cur.execute("DELETE from COMPANY where ID=2;")
conn.commit()
print "Total number of rows deleted :", cur.rowcount

cur.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY")
rows = cur.fetchall()
for row in rows:
   print "ID = ", row[0]
   print "NAME = ", row[1]
   print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
   print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"

print "Operation done successfully";
conn.close()

执行上述程序时,将产生以下结果:

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows deleted : 1
ID =  1
NAME =  Paul
ADDRESS =  California
SALARY =  20000.0

ID =  3
NAME =  Teddy
ADDRESS =  Norway
SALARY =  20000.0

ID =  4
NAME =  Mark
ADDRESS =  Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000.0

Operation done successfully
广告