MySQL - 更新后触发器

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触发器简单定义为对事件的响应。在 MySQL 中，触发器是一种驻留在系统目录中的特殊存储过程，并在执行事件时执行。它被称为特殊存储过程，因为它不需要像其他存储过程那样显式调用。触发器在所需事件触发时自动执行。

MySQL 更新后触发器

更新后触发器是 MySQL 数据库支持的行级触发器。顾名思义，更新后触发器在数据库表行中的值更新后立即执行。

行级触发器是一种每当修改一行时就会触发的触发器。简单来说，对于在表中进行的每个事务（如插入、删除、更新），都会有一个触发器自动执行。

在 MySQL 中定义更新后触发器后，每当在数据库中执行 UPDATE 语句时，都会先更新表的 value，然后执行触发器集。

语法

以下是创建 MySQL 中的更新后触发器的语法：

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
AFTER UPDATE ON table_name FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
   -- trigger body
END;

示例

让我们首先创建一个名为 USERS 的表，其中包含应用程序用户的详细信息。使用以下 CREATE TABLE 查询来执行此操作：

CREATE TABLE USERS(
   ID INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
   NAME VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
   AGE INT NOT NULL,
   BIRTHDATE VARCHAR(100),
   PRIMARY KEY(ID)
);

使用常规 INSERT 语句将值插入 USERS 表，如下所示：

INSERT INTO USERS (NAME, AGE, BIRTHDATE) VALUES 
('Sasha', 23, '24/06/1999');
('Alex', 21, '12/01/2001');

USERS 表创建如下：

ID 姓名 年龄 出生日期
1 Sasha 23 24/06/1999
2 Alex 21 12/01/2001

创建触发器

使用以下 CREATE TRIGGER 语句，在 USERS 表上创建一个新的触发器“after_update_trigger”，以使用 SQLSTATE 显示自定义错误，如下所示：

DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON USERS FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.AGE < 0 
THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' 
SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF;
END //
DELIMITER ;

使用常规 UPDATE 语句更新 SAMPLE 表的值，如下所示：

UPDATE SAMPLE SET AGE = -1 WHERE NAME = 'Sasha';

输出

此查询的输出显示错误：

ERROR 1644 (45000): Age Cannot be Negative

使用客户端程序的更新后触发器

我们还可以使用客户端程序而不是直接查询 SQL 语句来在 MySQL 数据库中执行更新后触发器。

语法

PHP NodeJS Java Python

要通过 PHP 程序执行更新后触发器，我们需要使用 **mysqli** 函数 **query()** 执行 CREATE TRIGGER 语句，如下所示：

$sql = "CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON SAMPLE FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.AGE < 0 THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF;
END ";
$mysqli->query($sql);

要通过 JavaScript 程序执行更新后触发器，我们需要使用 **mysql2** 库的 **query()** 函数执行 CREATE TRIGGER 语句，如下所示：

sql = `CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON SAMPLE FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.AGE < 0 THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF;
END`;
con.query(sql);

要通过 Java 程序执行更新后触发器，我们需要使用 **JDBC** 函数 **execute()** 执行 CREATE TRIGGER 语句，如下所示：

String sql = "CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON SAMPLE FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF NEW.AGE < 0 THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF; 
END";
statement.execute(sql);

要通过 python 程序执行更新后触发器，我们需要使用 **MySQL Connector/Python** 的 **execute()** 函数执行 CREATE TRIGGER 语句，如下所示：

afterUpdate_trigger_query = 'CREATE TRIGGER {trigger_name}
AFTER UPDATE ON {table_name}
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.AGE < 0
THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000'
SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF
END'
cursorObj.execute(afterUpdate_trigger_query)

示例

以下是程序：

PHP NodeJS Java Python
$dbhost = 'localhost';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'password';
$db = 'TUTORIALS';
$mysqli = new mysqli($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $db);
if($mysqli->connect_errno ) {
   printf("Connect failed: %s", $mysqli->connect_error);
   exit();
}
//printf('Connected successfully.');
$sql = "CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON SAMPLE FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.AGE < 0 THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF;
END ";
if($mysqli->query($sql)){
   printf("Trigger created successfully...!\n");
}
$q = "UPDATE SAMPLE SET AGE = -1 WHERE NAME = 'Sasha'";
$result = $mysqli->query($q);
if ($result == true) {
   printf("Record updated successfully...!\n");
}
if($mysqli->error){
   printf("Error message: " , $mysqli->error);
}
$mysqli->close();

输出

获得的输出如下：

Trigger created successfully...!
PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught mysqli_sql_exception: Age Cannot be Negative    

var mysql = require('mysql2');
var con = mysql.createConnection({
host:"localhost",
user:"root",
password:"password"
});

 //Connecting to MySQL
 con.connect(function(err) {
 if (err) throw err;
  //console.log("Connected successfully...!");
  //console.log("--------------------------");
 sql = "USE TUTORIALS";
 con.query(sql);
 sql = `CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON SAMPLE FOR EACH ROW
 BEGIN
 IF NEW.AGE < 0 THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
 END IF;
 END`;
 con.query(sql);
 console.log("After Update query executed successfully..!");
 sql = "UPDATE SAMPLE SET AGE = -1 WHERE NAME = 'Sasha'";
 con.query(sql);
 console.log("Table records: ")
 sql = "SELECT * FROM Sample";
 con.query(sql, function(err, result){
 if (err) throw err;
 console.log(result);
 });
});

输出

产生的输出如下所示：

Error: Age Cannot be Negative

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class AfterUpdateTrigger {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String url = "jdbc:mysql://#:3306/TUTORIALS";
        String user = "root";
        String password = "password";
        ResultSet rs;
        try {
            Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
            Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
            Statement st = con.createStatement();
            //System.out.println("Database connected successfully...!");
            String sql = "SELECT * FROM SAMPLE";
            rs = st.executeQuery(sql);
            System.out.println("Sample table records before update: ");
            while(rs.next()) {
                String id = rs.getString("id");
                String name = rs.getString("name");
                String age = rs.getString("age");
                String birth_date = rs.getString("BIRTHDATE");
                System.out.println("Id: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age + ", Birth_date: " + birth_date);
            }
            //lets create trigger on student table
            String sql1 = "CREATE TRIGGER after_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON SAMPLE FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF NEW.AGE < 0 THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
            END IF; 
            END";
            st.execute(sql1);
            System.out.println("Triggerd Created successfully...!");
            //let update the table records
            String sql3 = "UPDATE SAMPLE SET AGE = -1 WHERE NAME = 'Sasha'";
            st.execute(sql3);
            //let print SAMPLE table records
            String sql4 = "SELECT * FROM SAMPLE";
            rs = st.executeQuery(sql4);
            System.out.println("Sample table records after update: ");
            while(rs.next()) {
                String id = rs.getString("id");
                String name = rs.getString("name");
                String age = rs.getString("age");
                String birth_date = rs.getString("BIRTHDATE");
                System.out.println("Id: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age + ", Birth_date: " + birth_date);
            }
        }catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

输出

获得的输出如下所示：

Sample table records before update: 
Id: 1, Name: Sasha, Age: 23, Birth_date: 24/06/1999
Id: 2, Name: Alex, Age: 21, Birth_date: 12/01/2001
Triggerd Created successfully...!
java.sql.SQLException: Age Cannot be Negative

import mysql.connector
# Establishing the connection
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
    host='localhost',
    user='root',
    password='password',
    database='tut'
)
# Creating a cursor object
cursorObj = connection.cursor()
table_name = 'Sample'
trigger_name = 'after_update_trigger'
afterUpdate_trigger_query = f'''CREATE TRIGGER {trigger_name}
AFTER UPDATE ON {table_name}
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF NEW.AGE < 0
THEN SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000'
SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'Age Cannot be Negative';
END IF;
END'''
cursorObj.execute(afterUpdate_trigger_query)
print(f"AFTER UPDATE Trigger '{trigger_name}' is created successfully.")
connection.commit()
# Update the "AGE" column
update_query = "UPDATE Sample SET AGE = -1 WHERE NAME = 'Sasha'"
cursorObj.execute(update_query)
print("Update query executed successfully.")
# close the cursor and connection
connection.commit()
cursorObj.close()
connection.close()

输出

以下是上述代码的输出：

AFTER UPDATE Trigger 'after_update_trigger' is created successfully.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\mysql\connector\connection_cext.py", line 633, in cmd_query
    self._cmysql.query(
_mysql_connector.MySQLInterfaceError: Age Cannot be Negative

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\Lenovo\Desktop\untitled.py", line 29, in 
    cursorObj.execute(update_query)
  File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\mysql\connector\cursor_cext.py", line 330, in execute
    result = self._cnx.cmd_query(
  File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\mysql\connector\opentelemetry\context_propagation.py", line 77, in wrapper
    return method(cnx, *args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\mysql\connector\connection_cext.py", line 641, in cmd_query
    raise get_mysql_exception(
mysql.connector.errors.DatabaseError: 1644 (45000): Age Cannot be Negative
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