C++ 类构造函数和析构函数



类构造函数

构造函数是类的特殊成员函数,每当我们创建该类的新的对象时都会执行。

构造函数的名称与类名完全相同,并且根本没有任何返回类型,甚至没有 void。构造函数对于设置某些成员变量的初始值非常有用。

示例

下面的例子解释了构造函数的概念:

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
 
class Line {
   public:
      void setLength( double len );
      double getLength( void );
      Line();  // This is the constructor
   private:
      double length;
};
 
// Member functions definitions including constructor
Line::Line(void) {
   cout << "Object is being created" << endl;
}
void Line::setLength( double len ) {
   length = len;
}
double Line::getLength( void ) {
   return length;
}

// Main function for the program
int main() {
   Line line;
 
   // set line length
   line.setLength(6.0); 
   cout << "Length of line : " << line.getLength() <<endl;
 
   return 0;
}

当上面的代码编译并执行时,它会产生以下结果:

Object is being created
Length of line : 6

参数化构造函数

默认构造函数没有任何参数,但是如果需要,构造函数可以有参数。这有助于您在创建对象时为其分配初始值。

示例

以下示例演示了参数化构造函数的使用

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
class Line {
   public:
      void setLength( double len );
      double getLength( void );
      Line(double len);  // This is the constructor
 
   private:
      double length;
};
 
// Member functions definitions including constructor
Line::Line( double len) {
   cout << "Object is being created, length = " << len << endl;
   length = len;
}
void Line::setLength( double len ) {
   length = len;
}
double Line::getLength( void ) {
   return length;
}

// Main function for the program
int main() {
   Line line(10.0);
 
   // get initially set length.
   cout << "Length of line : " << line.getLength() <<endl;
   
   // set line length again
   line.setLength(6.0); 
   cout << "Length of line : " << line.getLength() <<endl;
 
   return 0;
}

当上面的代码编译并执行时,它会产生以下结果:

Object is being created, length = 10
Length of line : 10
Length of line : 6

使用初始化列表初始化字段

对于参数化构造函数,您可以使用以下语法初始化字段:

Line::Line( double len): length(len) {
   cout << "Object is being created, length = " << len << endl;
}

以上语法等同于以下语法:

Line::Line( double len) {
   cout << "Object is being created, length = " << len << endl;
   length = len;
}

如果对于类 C,您有多个需要初始化的字段 X、Y、Z 等,则可以使用相同的语法,并用逗号分隔字段,如下所示:

C::C( double a, double b, double c): X(a), Y(b), Z(c) {
   ....
}

类析构函数

析构函数是类的特殊成员函数,每当它的类对象超出作用域或每当将 delete 表达式应用于指向该类对象的指针时都会执行。

析构函数的名称与类名完全相同,前面带有波浪号 (~),它既不能返回值,也不能接受任何参数。析构函数对于在程序退出之前释放资源(例如关闭文件、释放内存等)非常有用。

示例

以下示例解释了析构函数的概念:

#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
class Line {
   public:
      void setLength( double len );
      double getLength( void );
      Line();   // This is the constructor declaration
      ~Line();  // This is the destructor: declaration
 
   private:
      double length;
};
 
// Member functions definitions including constructor
Line::Line(void) {
   cout << "Object is being created" << endl;
}
Line::~Line(void) {
   cout << "Object is being deleted" << endl;
}
void Line::setLength( double len ) {
   length = len;
}
double Line::getLength( void ) {
   return length;
}

// Main function for the program
int main() {
   Line line;
 
   // set line length
   line.setLength(6.0); 
   cout << "Length of line : " << line.getLength() <<endl;
 
   return 0;
}

当上面的代码编译并执行时,它会产生以下结果:

Object is being created
Length of line : 6
Object is being deleted
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